Data Visualisation

Session - 3

1/42

Course Progress

2/42

Data

3/42

Variable types in R:4/42

Variable types in R:int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.
dttm stands for date-times (a date + a time).

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.
dttm stands for date-times (a date + a time).
lgl stands for logical, vectors that contain only TRUE or FALSE.

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.
dttm stands for date-times (a date + a time).
lgl stands for logical, vectors that contain only TRUE or FALSE.
fct stands for factors, which R uses to represent categorical variables with fixed possible values like occupation: student, professional, government, business.

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.
dttm stands for date-times (a date + a time).
lgl stands for logical, vectors that contain only TRUE or FALSE.
fct stands for factors, which R uses to represent categorical variables with fixed possible values like occupation: student, professional, government, business.
date stands for dates.

4/42

Data of Palmer PenguinsIt comes with R package palmerpenguins
5/42

Data of Palmer Penguins

It comes with R package palmerpenguins
Name of the data is penguins

5/42

Data of Palmer Penguins

It comes with R package palmerpenguins
Name of the data is penguins
To know more about the data ?penguins

5/42

Data of Palmer Penguins

It comes with R package palmerpenguins
Name of the data is penguins
To know more about the data ?penguins
Included variables are:
- species, island, bill_length_mm, bill_depth_mm, flipper_length_mm, body_mass_g, sex, year

Artwork Source

5/42

An Overview of DataCodes
Output
glimpse(penguins)
## Rows: 344
## Columns: 8
## $ species           <fct> Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adel…
## $ island            <fct> Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgerse…
## $ bill_length_mm    <dbl> 39.1, 39.5, 40.3, NA, 36.7, 39.3, 38.9, 39.2, 34.1, …
## $ bill_depth_mm     <dbl> 18.7, 17.4, 18.0, NA, 19.3, 20.6, 17.8, 19.6, 18.1, …
## $ flipper_length_mm <int> 181, 186, 195, NA, 193, 190, 181, 195, 193, 190, 186…
## $ body_mass_g       <int> 3750, 3800, 3250, NA, 3450, 3650, 3625, 4675, 3475, …
## $ sex               <fct> male, female, female, NA, female, male, female, male…
## $ year              <int> 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007…
6/42

An Overview of DataCodes
Output
summary(penguins)
##       species          island    bill_length_mm  bill_depth_mm  
##  Adelie   :152   Biscoe   :168   Min.   :32.10   Min.   :13.10  
##  Chinstrap: 68   Dream    :124   1st Qu.:39.23   1st Qu.:15.60  
##  Gentoo   :124   Torgersen: 52   Median :44.45   Median :17.30  
##                                  Mean   :43.92   Mean   :17.15  
##                                  3rd Qu.:48.50   3rd Qu.:18.70  
##                                  Max.   :59.60   Max.   :21.50  
##                                  NA's   :2       NA's   :2      
##  flipper_length_mm  body_mass_g       sex           year     
##  Min.   :172.0     Min.   :2700   female:165   Min.   :2007  
##  1st Qu.:190.0     1st Qu.:3550   male  :168   1st Qu.:2007  
##  Median :197.0     Median :4050   NA's  : 11   Median :2008  
##  Mean   :200.9     Mean   :4202                Mean   :2008  
##  3rd Qu.:213.0     3rd Qu.:4750                3rd Qu.:2009  
##  Max.   :231.0     Max.   :6300                Max.   :2009  
##  NA's   :2         NA's   :2
7/42

Packages required:

library(palmerpenguins) # to access penguin data
library(tidyverse) # to use ggplot2 pkg

Packages recommended:

install.packages(c(
  "directlabels", "dplyr", "gameofthrones", "ggforce", "gghighlight", 
  "ggnewscale", "ggplot2", "ggraph", "ggrepel", "ggtext", "ggthemes", 
  "hexbin", "mapproj", "maps", "munsell", "ozmaps", "paletteer", 
  "patchwork", "rmapshaper", "scico", "seriation", "sf", "stars", 
  "tidygraph", "tidyr", "wesanderson" 
))

8/42

R
Package9/42

ggplot2 by Hadley Wickham

"is a system for declaratively creating graphics, based on The Grammar of Graphics" (book by Late Leland Wilkinson)

Late Leland Wilkinson

Hadley Wickham

Source

10/42

Source

11/42

Key Components for ggplot2 Plot

data,
aesthetic mapping
at least one layer of geom function

12/42

ggplot(data = penguins)

13/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species))

14/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar()

15/42

ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar()

16/42

🧠 YOUR TURN

05:00

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = island)) +
  geom_bar()

17/42

How to export plot to your computer?18/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar() 
ggsave("peng-species.pdf")  # also try jpg/jpeg/png

## Saving 7 x 7 in image

19/42

How to add color to bars?20/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar(fill = "blue")

21/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar(fill = c("orange", "white", "green"))
# color names should be equal to the factor levels
# in case of factor species levels are three
# Adele, Chinstrap & Gentoo

22/42

How to add color using palette? 🎨23/42

🎨 Color Palette

R package RColorBrewer & wesanderson

24/42

library(RColorBrewer)
ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = species,
                     fill = species)) +
  geom_bar() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2")

25/42

How to remove legend or change its position?26/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = species,
                     fill = species)) + 
  geom_bar() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none") # top, bottom, left

27/42

How to plot title and axis titles?28/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = species,
                     fill = species)) +
  geom_bar() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +
  labs(
    title = "Species of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Species",
    y = "Frequency"
  )

29/42

How to control size of text?30/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = species,
                     fill = species)) +
  geom_bar() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 20)) +
  labs(
    title = "Species of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Species",
    y = "Frequency"
  )

31/42

How to plot two numeric variables?32/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = bill_length_mm,
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 20)) +
  labs(
    title = "Relationship between bill length \n& depth of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Bill length (mm)",
    y = "Bith depth (mm)"
  )

33/42

How to add themes to ggplot?34/42

ggplot2 themes

https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/ggtheme.html

theme_gray()
theme_bw()
theme_linedraw()
theme_light()
theme_dark()
theme_minimal()
theme_classic()
theme_void()
theme_test()

35/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = bill_length_mm,
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 20)) + 
  labs(
    title = "Relationship between bill length \n& depth of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Bill length (mm)",
    y = "Bith depth (mm)"
  ) +
  theme_bw()

36/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = bill_length_mm,
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 20)) +
  labs(
    title = "Relationship between bill length \n& depth of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Bill length (mm)",
    y = "Bith depth (mm)"
  ) +
  theme_classic()

37/42

How to add regression line to ggplot?38/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                     y = body_mass_g)) +
  geom_point() +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 24)) + 
  labs(
    title = "Relationship between bill length \n& depth of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Flipper length (mm)",
    y = "Body mass (gm)"
  ) +
  theme_classic() +
  geom_smooth()

39/42

More resources

ggplot2 book https://ggplot2-book.org/
CÉDRIC SCHERER https://www.cedricscherer.com/
ggplot2 cook book http://www.cookbook-r.com/

40/42

🙋🏽‍♀️🙋‍♂️
Q&A41/42

Dynamic Wrangling
Using dplyrNext Module - 442/42

Data Visualisation

Session - 3

Image credits:Kayvan Mazhar

1/42

Course Progress

2/42

Data

Artwork Source

3/42

Variable types in R:4/42

Variable types in R:int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.
dttm stands for date-times (a date + a time).

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.
dttm stands for date-times (a date + a time).
lgl stands for logical, vectors that contain only TRUE or FALSE.

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.
dttm stands for date-times (a date + a time).
lgl stands for logical, vectors that contain only TRUE or FALSE.
fct stands for factors, which R uses to represent categorical variables with fixed possible values like occupation: student, professional, government, business.

4/42

Variable types in R:

int stands for integers, like 4, 55, 300.
dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers like 3, 7.45, 1.565, 12.
chr stands for character vectors, or strings like names.
dttm stands for date-times (a date + a time).
lgl stands for logical, vectors that contain only TRUE or FALSE.
fct stands for factors, which R uses to represent categorical variables with fixed possible values like occupation: student, professional, government, business.
date stands for dates.

4/42

Data of Palmer PenguinsIt comes with R package palmerpenguins
5/42

Data of Palmer Penguins

It comes with R package palmerpenguins
Name of the data is penguins

5/42

Data of Palmer Penguins

It comes with R package palmerpenguins
Name of the data is penguins
To know more about the data ?penguins

5/42

Data of Palmer Penguins

It comes with R package palmerpenguins
Name of the data is penguins
To know more about the data ?penguins
Included variables are:
- species, island, bill_length_mm, bill_depth_mm, flipper_length_mm, body_mass_g, sex, year

Artwork Source

5/42

An Overview of DataCodes
Output
glimpse(penguins)
## Rows: 344
## Columns: 8
## $ species           <fct> Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adel…
## $ island            <fct> Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgerse…
## $ bill_length_mm    <dbl> 39.1, 39.5, 40.3, NA, 36.7, 39.3, 38.9, 39.2, 34.1, …
## $ bill_depth_mm     <dbl> 18.7, 17.4, 18.0, NA, 19.3, 20.6, 17.8, 19.6, 18.1, …
## $ flipper_length_mm <int> 181, 186, 195, NA, 193, 190, 181, 195, 193, 190, 186…
## $ body_mass_g       <int> 3750, 3800, 3250, NA, 3450, 3650, 3625, 4675, 3475, …
## $ sex               <fct> male, female, female, NA, female, male, female, male…
## $ year              <int> 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007…
6/42

An Overview of DataCodes
Output
summary(penguins)
##       species          island    bill_length_mm  bill_depth_mm  
##  Adelie   :152   Biscoe   :168   Min.   :32.10   Min.   :13.10  
##  Chinstrap: 68   Dream    :124   1st Qu.:39.23   1st Qu.:15.60  
##  Gentoo   :124   Torgersen: 52   Median :44.45   Median :17.30  
##                                  Mean   :43.92   Mean   :17.15  
##                                  3rd Qu.:48.50   3rd Qu.:18.70  
##                                  Max.   :59.60   Max.   :21.50  
##                                  NA's   :2       NA's   :2      
##  flipper_length_mm  body_mass_g       sex           year     
##  Min.   :172.0     Min.   :2700   female:165   Min.   :2007  
##  1st Qu.:190.0     1st Qu.:3550   male  :168   1st Qu.:2007  
##  Median :197.0     Median :4050   NA's  : 11   Median :2008  
##  Mean   :200.9     Mean   :4202                Mean   :2008  
##  3rd Qu.:213.0     3rd Qu.:4750                3rd Qu.:2009  
##  Max.   :231.0     Max.   :6300                Max.   :2009  
##  NA's   :2         NA's   :2
7/42

Packages required:

library(palmerpenguins) # to access penguin data
library(tidyverse) # to use ggplot2 pkg

Packages recommended:

install.packages(c(
  "directlabels", "dplyr", "gameofthrones", "ggforce", "gghighlight", 
  "ggnewscale", "ggplot2", "ggraph", "ggrepel", "ggtext", "ggthemes", 
  "hexbin", "mapproj", "maps", "munsell", "ozmaps", "paletteer", 
  "patchwork", "rmapshaper", "scico", "seriation", "sf", "stars", 
  "tidygraph", "tidyr", "wesanderson" 
))

8/42

R
Package9/42

ggplot2 by Hadley Wickham

"is a system for declaratively creating graphics, based on The Grammar of Graphics" (book by Late Leland Wilkinson)

Late Leland Wilkinson

Hadley Wickham

Source

10/42

Source

11/42

Key Components for ggplot2 Plot

data,
aesthetic mapping
at least one layer of geom function

12/42

ggplot(data = penguins)

13/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species))

14/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar()

15/42

ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar()

16/42

🧠 YOUR TURN

05:00

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = island)) +
  geom_bar()

17/42

How to export plot to your computer?18/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar() 
ggsave("peng-species.pdf")  # also try jpg/jpeg/png

## Saving 7 x 7 in image

19/42

How to add color to bars?20/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar(fill = "blue")

21/42

ggplot(data = penguins, mapping = aes(x = species)) +
  geom_bar(fill = c("orange", "white", "green"))
# color names should be equal to the factor levels
# in case of factor species levels are three
# Adele, Chinstrap & Gentoo

22/42

How to add color using palette? 🎨23/42

🎨 Color Palette

R package RColorBrewer & wesanderson

24/42

library(RColorBrewer)
ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = species,
                     fill = species)) +
  geom_bar() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2")

25/42

How to remove legend or change its position?26/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = species,
                     fill = species)) + 
  geom_bar() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none") # top, bottom, left

27/42

How to plot title and axis titles?28/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = species,
                     fill = species)) +
  geom_bar() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +
  labs(
    title = "Species of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Species",
    y = "Frequency"
  )

29/42

How to control size of text?30/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = species,
                     fill = species)) +
  geom_bar() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 20)) +
  labs(
    title = "Species of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Species",
    y = "Frequency"
  )

31/42

How to plot two numeric variables?32/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = bill_length_mm,
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 20)) +
  labs(
    title = "Relationship between bill length \n& depth of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Bill length (mm)",
    y = "Bith depth (mm)"
  )

33/42

How to add themes to ggplot?34/42

ggplot2 themes

https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/ggtheme.html

theme_gray()
theme_bw()
theme_linedraw()
theme_light()
theme_dark()
theme_minimal()
theme_classic()
theme_void()
theme_test()

35/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = bill_length_mm,
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 20)) + 
  labs(
    title = "Relationship between bill length \n& depth of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Bill length (mm)",
    y = "Bith depth (mm)"
  ) +
  theme_bw()

36/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = bill_length_mm,
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 20)) +
  labs(
    title = "Relationship between bill length \n& depth of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Bill length (mm)",
    y = "Bith depth (mm)"
  ) +
  theme_classic()

37/42

How to add regression line to ggplot?38/42

ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                     y = body_mass_g)) +
  geom_point() +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        text = element_text(size = 24)) + 
  labs(
    title = "Relationship between bill length \n& depth of palmer penguins",
    subtitle = "This data is about penguins",
    x = "Flipper length (mm)",
    y = "Body mass (gm)"
  ) +
  theme_classic() +
  geom_smooth()

39/42

More resources

ggplot2 book https://ggplot2-book.org/
CÉDRIC SCHERER https://www.cedricscherer.com/
ggplot2 cook book http://www.cookbook-r.com/

40/42

🙋🏽‍♀️🙋‍♂️
Q&A41/42

Dynamic Wrangling
Using dplyrNext Module - 442/42

↑, ←, Pg Up, k	Go to previous slide
↓, →, Pg Dn, Space, j	Go to next slide
Home	Go to first slide
End	Go to last slide
Number + Return	Go to specific slide
b / m / f	Toggle blackout / mirrored / fullscreen mode
c	Clone slideshow
p	Toggle presenter mode
t	Restart the presentation timer
?, h	Toggle this help
o	Tile View: Overview of Slides
Alt + f	Fit Slides to Screen

Data Visualisation

Session - 3

Course Progress

Data

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Data of Palmer Penguins

Data of Palmer Penguins

Data of Palmer Penguins

Data of Palmer Penguins

An Overview of Data

An Overview of Data

Packages required:

RPackage

ggplot2 by Hadley Wickham

Key Components for ggplot2 Plot

🧠 YOUR TURN

How to export plot to your computer?

How to add color to bars?

How to add color using palette? 🎨

🎨 Color Palette

How to remove legend or change its position?

How to plot title and axis titles?

How to control size of text?

How to plot two numeric variables?

How to add themes to ggplot?

ggplot2 themes

How to add regression line to ggplot?

More resources

🙋🏽‍♀️🙋‍♂️Q&A

Dynamic WranglingUsing dplyr

Next Module - 4

Course Progress

Help

viz.knit

Data Visualisation

Session - 3

Course Progress

Data

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Variable types in R:

Data of Palmer Penguins

Data of Palmer Penguins

Data of Palmer Penguins

Data of Palmer Penguins

An Overview of Data

An Overview of Data

Packages required:

RPackage

ggplot2 by Hadley Wickham

Key Components for ggplot2 Plot

🧠 YOUR TURN

How to export plot to your computer?

How to add color to bars?

How to add color using palette? 🎨

🎨 Color Palette

How to remove legend or change its position?

How to plot title and axis titles?

How to control size of text?

How to plot two numeric variables?

How to add themes to ggplot?

ggplot2 themes

How to add regression line to ggplot?

More resources

🙋🏽‍♀️🙋‍♂️Q&A

Dynamic WranglingUsing dplyr

Next Module - 4

R
Package

🙋🏽‍♀️🙋‍♂️
Q&A

Dynamic Wrangling
Using dplyr

R
Package

🙋🏽‍♀️🙋‍♂️
Q&A

Dynamic Wrangling
Using dplyr